To achieve an efficient planar flexible PSC, besides the quality control of the perovskites, the charge extraction layer underneath the perovskite is more difficult to fabricate compared with that on the glass substrate. Although the flexible PSCs have been widely studied, the PCE of flexible PSCMs is still quite low, only 8% reported by Dagar et al. Thus, it could accelerate commercial applications of the PSCs.Īiming for the commercialization, fabrication of large-area PSC modules (PSCMs) has been becoming the focus of research. More importantly, for some special applications, such as indoor sensors, the requirement of the PCE and stability would be less demanding compared with the roof solar panels. This opens possible alternative applications, such as portable power source for wearable electronics and energy source for indoor sensors. It can be fabricated via a low-temperature process and suitable for the flexible PSCs that possess light-weight, low-cost, weak-light photovoltaic and flexibility 10, 11. The SnO 2 has shown a good candidate for the efficient and stable ETL 7, 8, 9. It should be transparent for visible light, photo-stable and compatible with the perovskites. To improve the performance of the planar PSCs, the bottom electron transport layer (ETL) is extremely important. Recently, the planar structured PSCs have attracted increasing interest because of its simple structure and easy fabrication 6, 7. Organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown promising for commercial applications due to its low-cost and high power conversion efficiency (PCE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This passivation strategy has shown great promise for pursuing high performance large area flexible PSCs.

The small size flexible PSCs achieve a high efficiency of 17.18% and large size (5 × 6 cm 2) flexible modules obtain an efficiency over 15%. Results show that the potassium cations, not the anions, facilitate the growth of perovskite grains, passivate the interface, and contribute to the enhanced efficiency and stability. The inherent hysteresis induced by the tin oxide layer is suppressed using a universal potassium interfacial passivation strategy regardless of fabricating methods. Herein, we demonstrate slot-die printed high quality tin oxide films for high efficiency flexible PSCs. However, printing large area uniform electron transport layers on rough and soft plastic substrates without hysteresis is still a great challenge. One of its promising characteristics is the low-cost solution printability, especially for flexible solar cells. Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached an impressive efficiency over 23%.

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